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identify
"Stop and identify" statutes are laws in several U.S. states that authorize police to lawfully order people whom they reasonably suspect of a crime to state their name. If there is not reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to be committed, an individual is not required to provide identification, even in these states.The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires warrants to be supported by probable cause. In Terry v. Ohio (1968), the U.S. Supreme Court established that it is constitutional for police to temporarily detain a person based on an articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, and then to conduct a patdown for weapons based on a reasonable belief that the person is armed. In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada (2004), the Supreme Court held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during a valid Terry stop did not violate the Fourth Amendment.However, some "stop and identify" statutes that are unclear about how people must identify themselves violate suspects' due process right through the void for vagueness doctrine. For instance, in Kolender v. Lawson (1983), the Court invalidated a California law requiring "credible and reliable" identification as overly vague. The court also held that the Fifth Amendment could allow a suspect to refuse to give the suspect's name if he or she articulated a reasonable belief that giving the name could be incriminating.The Nevada "stop-and-identify" law at issue in Hiibel allows police officers to detain any person encountered under circumstances which reasonably indicate that "the person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a crime"; the person may be detained only to "ascertain his identity and the suspicious circumstances surrounding his presence abroad". In turn, the law requires that the officer have a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement, and that the person detained "identify himself", but the law does not compel the person to answer any other questions by the officer. The Nevada Supreme Court interpreted "identify" under the state's law to mean merely stating one's name.
As of April 2008, 23 other states had similar laws. Additional states (including Texas and Oregon) have such laws just for motorists.
can anyone help identify this WC for a replacement seat. The seat is wider at the rear than at the front so does not match anything I can find online.
inside the cistern is the code C0232, but a search does not return any results.
Just moved house. Need to change the seat on this toilet, but after buying 3 (that did not fit), and spending around 6 hours trawling the web, I can't find a seat that matches the dimensions I need. I am stumped, and hoping one of you just recognises this by sight!
Info / clues:
Neither the...
The thermostatic cartridge in this shower has failed and I have no idea who the manufacturer is.
It is in the shower room of an Arab Prince's London House and he is ranting that he want's a shower and it is stuck on Hot !
Any suggestions ?
Hi,
Our boiler pressure has dropped and there's no fill valve underneath. Do you think it could be one of these hoses by the cylinder in the hot press?
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Thanks.
Hi there,
I have a bath tap that is not producing hot water. Can anyone identify the mixer valve shown in the attached images? It does not look like anything I can find online. I have tried soaking the valve 'cartridge' in vinegar, which removed a lot of scale. If I constrict the cold water...
Desperate. Can anyone help me identify this bath mixer tap? Make worn off and needs replacement cartridge. External diameter is 46mm and height is 114mm
Hi, I need to replace the cartridge on a shower installed in 2007 and I can't find any identifying marks apart from a sticker that says CKL Sch. I've tried the local plumbing stores but they can't identify the cartridge.
It has a 40 mm thread.
4 photos below and any help would be much...
Identify attached shower drain.
Daughter’s new house has the atttached shower drain.
Could someone identify make so that we can cover spare parts. I am assuming that the plastic bit can be pulled off to allow access to the cup
Thanks in advance
Hi All,
I am new to the forum and am looking for any assistance to identify the gas fire in the photo's. Unfortunately the data plate is not present and we have no manual so unable to obtain a CP12 certificate. Can anyone advise what make/ model it is or point us in the direction of a...
Hi Forum - our shower for some reason is not providing a lot of hot water. Other taps are fine, so I think it's the valve or the hot/cold water adjustment ring; the challenge is getting to it though, there is no obvious way to remove the handle, covers etc.
Anyone able to identify this and have...
HI i am trying to identify a new shower trap that was installed and the pot was not put in, if anyone can identify it. i can order new one or I could get one 3d printed. i will attach a pic thanks john
Has anyone seen this type of mould before? It's dark reddish/brown and seems to be seeping through the concrete and the skirtboards. Its predominantly in the bathrooms but has started to appear coming from the carpet after it rains heavily.
Got what is probably a simple issue if you know how.... getting as far as the ceramic cartridges so I can get them out, measure, and hope they are still a currently available size and if not see if I can dissolve out any. I'd just change the tap but would involve removing tiling, cupboards that...
Could someone please explain why the hot water doesn't just pass straight through this manifold and bypass the smaller radiator pipes? Is there a splitter running down the middle of the manifold? Does this mean its a single circuit system?
Cheers guys
Paul
Hi
Trying to replace identical seats in holiday let. Tried 3rd seat today, but still not right. If I can identify the toilet I might be able to identify the right seat ? . No markings anywhere apart from inside 6L tank (see photo) imprinted is 20-7-12-037 ..inside lid has blue letters too and...
The retaining ring that secures the shower trap in place is broken I have a photograph would like to know where I can upload in the aim someone might be able to identify it
Thanks
Sean
Hello all. I'm new to the forum here. Been doing plumbing for a while. I'm helping a friend who's shower was leaking hot water to spout. I puled the cartridges out and noticed someone had serviced the seals and washers before. They had Jerry rigged them with off washers and so on. Come to find...
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