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identify
"Stop and identify" statutes are laws in several U.S. states that authorize police to lawfully order people whom they reasonably suspect of a crime to state their name. If there is not reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to be committed, an individual is not required to provide identification, even in these states.The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires warrants to be supported by probable cause. In Terry v. Ohio (1968), the U.S. Supreme Court established that it is constitutional for police to temporarily detain a person based on an articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, and then to conduct a patdown for weapons based on a reasonable belief that the person is armed. In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada (2004), the Supreme Court held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during a valid Terry stop did not violate the Fourth Amendment.However, some "stop and identify" statutes that are unclear about how people must identify themselves violate suspects' due process right through the void for vagueness doctrine. For instance, in Kolender v. Lawson (1983), the Court invalidated a California law requiring "credible and reliable" identification as overly vague. The court also held that the Fifth Amendment could allow a suspect to refuse to give the suspect's name if he or she articulated a reasonable belief that giving the name could be incriminating.The Nevada "stop-and-identify" law at issue in Hiibel allows police officers to detain any person encountered under circumstances which reasonably indicate that "the person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a crime"; the person may be detained only to "ascertain his identity and the suspicious circumstances surrounding his presence abroad". In turn, the law requires that the officer have a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement, and that the person detained "identify himself", but the law does not compel the person to answer any other questions by the officer. The Nevada Supreme Court interpreted "identify" under the state's law to mean merely stating one's name.
As of April 2008, 23 other states had similar laws. Additional states (including Texas and Oregon) have such laws just for motorists.
Hi all, I have a bath/ shower mixer on the wall and the mixer valve is broken, would anyone kkow the make and where can I get a replacement valve. photo att, cheers
terenure
Thread
broken
help
identify
mixer
mixer valve
mounted
shower
valve
Hi,
I noticed the isolator in the Red box in this photo is leaking at the top nut (sorry about the blurred view). This isolator is after the water meter on the cold water mains inlet to my flat. I was hoping a simple tightening of the nut in the Yellow box would suffice but now I am not so...
hi guys, got this shower valve that requires an new cartridge but i cant figure out who makes it, i thought the cartridge looked like a mira but theres no manufacturer markings anywhere.
hope one of you guys can help, 0
Hi All,
In a quest to identify the source of a noisy heating system I am considering the function of this part:-
Is it some sort of check valve? If so how do I know it is working as it rattles when I tap it and also what is the seized screw in the middle for?
Does anyone know the symptoms...
friendlyaviator
Thread
boiler
central heating system
help
identify
parts
return
valve
water
Anyone got any tips on identifying a one pipe system?
While quoting you cant start lifting floorboards for obvious reasons.
I went to do a quote last night, they want an open vent/heat only boiler and cylinder changed for a combi and TRVs added, 3 bed 10 radiator house.
First thing I noticed was...
I've got a job to replace six chrome towel rads that have suffered badly with pinholing due to lack of inhibitor.
The customer (and I!) would really like to replace like for like as installing different ones would mean a lot of disruption to walls etc. However there are no manufacturers...
MattWeth
Thread
anyone
cold radiator
hot rads
identify
these
towel
Can someone identify this type of innards as the mechanism is weeping into the pot and I want to find the info to allow me to strip it and clean it.
Thanks in advance
Does anyone know where I can get some of this trunking? Builders have thrown away the capping for it, plastered up to it and cut the coving around it too :cuss:
Hi all,
does anyone know what make this mixer unit is. The fault is a week age the water only comes through warm. So I need to find the make for me to order parts. Hopefully the pic is attached.
Thanks,
chris
I have a number of these Wave basin taps bought from B&Q.
A couple of them have minor leaks and although I can buy the right valve the ones shown have a yellow polypropylene adapter on the splines as shown. (sorry for blurred photo)
Unfortunately the adapter cannot be removed no matter...
Hello there I'm looking for some help with this flush valve, it's fitted into a low level cistern and i would like to know if anyone has seen one before, I can't put a new flush valve in because its tiled in grrrr!! Any help would be greatly appreciated.its got no writing on it so I'm stuck really.
Hi
Can anyone identify what this is please?
It is located between the central heating pump out and the input to the boiler. Is it some type of old automatic bleeder valve?
It has quite a large spring with nut on top of it...
I ask this as there is still air in the system after a recent...
Hi Guys,
Been a while since i was on here. had a customer that wants to replace this tap cartridge rather than reaplce the tap. the problem i have is there is not a single marking on the tap to give me any clue as to what make and model it is. i thought id try my luck and see if any of you guys...
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