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surface

A surface, as the term is most generally used, is the outermost or uppermost layer of a physical object or space. It is the portion or region of the object that can first be perceived by an observer using the senses of sight and touch, and is the portion with which other materials first interact. The surface of an object is more than "a mere geometric solid", but is "filled with, spread over by, or suffused with perceivable qualities such as color and warmth".The concept of surface has been abstracted and formalized in mathematics, specifically in geometry. Depending on the properties on which the emphasis is given, there are several non equivalent such formalizations, that are all called surface, sometimes with some qualifier, such as algebraic surface, smooth surface or fractal surface.
The concept of surface and its mathematical abstraction are both widely used in physics, engineering, computer graphics, and many other disciplines, primarily in representing the surfaces of physical objects. For example, in analyzing the aerodynamic properties of an airplane, the central consideration is the flow of air along its surface. The concept also raises certain philosophical questions—for example, how thick is the layer of atoms or molecules that can be considered part of the surface of an object (i.e., where does the "surface" end and the "interior" begin), and do objects really have a surface at all if, at the subatomic level, they never actually come in contact with other objects.

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  1. E

    Central heating pipe dropped through ceiling down to rads?.

    Good evening all, After some advice on replumbing the central heating pipes in my flat. I live in a 2 bed flat with concerete floors. I was thinking about having the pipe work run up through the loft then chased down to the rad position. Will this cause the boiler to work harder due to...
    • egginyourface
    • Thread
    • ceiling central central heating system cold radiator copper dropped hot rads pipe pipes surface through
    • Replies: 25
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  2. gassafe

    Gas meter box cover

    Does anyone know what gas meter box cover would be a direct fit for this backplate? the customer bought a big brown one off eBay, would have had to cut it to bits to make it fit! Thanks
  3. A

    Combine wastes into yard sink

    Hi everyone, need some advice on how best to manage the sink and washing machine wastes in my back yard. The black pipe is the gutter drainage from the roof, keep getting moss etc in this so I'm planning on fitting a gutter guard. When the grate gets blocked the other wastes are all flowing...
  4. S

    Install drain beside garden shed - connect to surface water drainage

    Hi, I have a prolem with standing water in my garden, and this garden often enters my shed. There can be 6-8 inches of water after a few days heavy rain, and it can take a week to 10 days to sink into the ground. I am going to be getting a landscaper to do some work in the garden, and at the...
  5. C

    Building a drain to drain away garden rain water and also excess garden tap flow

    Hello. I'd be grateful for advice. I have a small paved courtyard garden with an outdoor tap. Currently in heavy rain the water stands. There is no drain. I want to install a ground drain to drain away water during rainfall/tap use. The proposed drain hole would be ideally located at the lowest...
    • charles lewis
    • Thread
    • blocks building drain flow garden garden tap surface tap water
    • Replies: 3
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  6. J

    fitting new rad in porch

    Hi guys looking to fit a new radiator in our front porch hoping to feed off the front lounge one - is this that stright forward or is there a little more to it. Surface mounted piping - new little 2 x 3 rad - 10mm pipe at present Its on a conventional system so total drain down and new...
  7. L

    Surface water Drainage

    I have a problem with pools of water on my front path after rain. I intend to put in a drainage channel this summer. I do know that there is a surface water dain pipe which takes surface water from my house, running under the lawn nearby. Leaving aside the digging, how easy would it be to...
  8. D

    Tall Mono Basin Tap On Travertine Surface

    I have built a basin unit for my travertine basin. The unit is tiled in travertine with the top being travertine also. I am planning on installing a tall mono basin tap but am concerned about how to fix the tap securely. I am anticipating that the tap may not fix firmly and will move (rotate)...
  9. J

    Central heating won't drain - Brown geletanous substance on surface in header tank.

    Hi all, I'm doing some changes to my central heating system which involve moving two rad tails and have discovered that I cannot drain the system. All the rads are turned off to minimise the water loss but when I opened the drain valve nothing comes out (well just a trickle). I checked for...
    • JohnDorset
    • Thread
    • brown central central heating drain header header tank heating surface system tank won't
    • Replies: 9
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  10. A

    Enclosure of a Worcester Greenstar 25 Si /30 Si

    I have just ( 2 days ) had a Greenstar 25 Si fitted and the plumber said it needed enclosing in an air tight cupboard. He recommended making a front cover a few inches from the front surface. The instruction book says it should have a clearance of 600mm minimum. It`s at the end of the bath...
  11. P

    Soil and surface water

    On a Victorian block of flats the roofer is recommending connecting gutters into soil stacks and removing the downpipes. The block is 3 storeys high with a basement and approx 40m. The drainage is all on the rear elevation of the block and at the moment there are 6 soul stacks and 6 downpipes...
  12. J

    Replacing mixer shower

    Currently I have a not-working-properly Mira Combiforce 415 mixer shower. The back-inlet water pipes project 13mm beyond the tiled surface. Each pipe is within a 32mm diameter x 10mm deep recess. The mixer shower unit is connected to the pipes by 1/2" BSP Male compression fittings. Hopefully, I...
    • johnaaronrose
    • Thread
    • connected mixer mixer shower replacing should shower surface tiles
    • Replies: 0
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  13. G

    low loss header

    Simple question how you go about working out the size required of a low loss header??
  14. A

    Water fountain drain - Storm or foul?

    Does a drain from a water fountain have to go into a foul drain or can it go to a storm drain? It's a fountain with a bubbler/carafe filler and was going into a storm drain but we've been told it shouldn't. Thanks in advance for you assistance.
  15. P

    Bath Mixer Tap - Please help!

    Hi all, I'm having major issues with my the bath mixer tap in that the bar connecting the two taps seems to be pulling the taps too close together and they end up off square to the bath surface so neither tap seals to the bath surface properly. As the taps are both leaning inward towards...
  16. S

    Surface mounted shower

    One of my friends who is a qualified plumber came round mine and said he would fit a shower.we picked out this one Buy Cascade Thermostatic Bar Mixer Shower. at Argos.co.uk - Your Online Shop for . and said it would be fine as we have a low pressure hot and cold type boiler.well iv been...
    • sunzzofman
    • Thread
    • boiler building cable ceiling chase cold cold water tank convert copper hot water install job jobs london mounted pipe plumbing pressure screw shower spout surface towel rail wall water website work
    • Replies: 21
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
  17. B

    Recessed or Surface mount shower

    Which is best recessed or surface mount? I do have a void for the unit it be fitted, it looks neater but what about maintenence, removal/replacement or checking/repairing leaks? Would removing the recessed unit mean damaging tiles? Are the surface mount types standard width for the pipes, so I...
    • badbob
    • Thread
    • bar difficult fitting fix head inside leak mount pipe pipes replacement shower shower valve showers supply surface thermostatic tiles valve valves wall work
    • Replies: 3
    • Forum: Plumbing Jobs | The Job-board
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