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booster
A booster dose is an extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier (primer) dose. After initial immunization, a booster provides a re-exposure to the immunizing antigen. It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels after memory against that antigen has declined through time. For example, tetanus shot boosters are often recommended every 10 years, by which point memory cells specific against tetanus lose their function or undergo apoptosis.The need for a booster dose following a primary vaccination is evaluated in several ways. One way is to measure the level of antibodies specific against a disease a few years after the primary dose is given. Anamnestic response, the rapid production of antibodies after a stimulus of an antigen, is a typical way to measure the need for a booster dose of a certain vaccine. If the anamnestic response is high after receiving a primary vaccine many years ago, there is most likely little to no need for a booster dose. People can also measure the active B and T cell activity against that antigen after a certain amount of time that the primary vaccine was administered or determine the prevalence of the disease in vaccinated populations.If a patient receives a booster dose but already has a high level of antibody, then a reaction called an Arthus reaction could develop, a localized form of Type III hypersensitivity induced by high levels of IgG antibodies causing inflammation. The inflammation is often self-resolved over the course of a few days but could be avoided altogether by increasing the length of time between the primary vaccine and the booster dose.It is not yet fully clear why some vaccines such as hepatitis A and B are effective for life, and some such as tetanus need boosters. The prevailing theory is that if the immune system responds to a primary vaccine rapidly, the body does not have time to sufficiently develop immunological memory against the disease, and memory cells will not persist in high numbers for the lifetime of the human. After a primary response of the immune system against a vaccination, memory T helper cells and B cells persist at a fairly constant level in germinal centers, undergoing cell division at a slow to nonexistent rate. While these cells are long-lived, they do not typically undergo mitosis, and eventually, the rate of loss of these cells will be greater than the rate of gain. In these cases, a booster dose is required to "boost" the memory B and T cell count back up again.
Got go and see a potential one Monday pm - I think its a grundfos - effort - bumps things up to
11/12 litres a min but is water regs legal -------- anybody know the name model make and
has anybody fitted them - are they any good. They boost up combis in low water pressure/volume areas
and steal...
Centralheatking
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approved
boost
booster
grundfos
pressure
pump
regulations
water
water regulations
Hi guys,
got a customer who is having problems with the hot water outlets in the bathroom that she has had installed. Basically the pressure from the taps is nearly none existent. Cold is mains fed and is fine. Hot water is from gravity fed cylinder on the same floor.
It's not the best...
Hi all,
Moving to a house and I need to replace the existing oil boiler which is currently located in the house.
House: 4 bedrooms detached (2 doubles & 2 singles). Not a big house though, around 120 sq m. 2 floors with guest toilet. en-suite and family bathroom.
Options:
1- moving the...
Hi, being a complete novice at plumbing, Please could somebody tell me the difference between a "Stuart Turner Monsoon Universal 2.0 bar Single pump" and a "Grundfos UPA 15/90 Water Pressure Home Booster Pump" ? as there is a great price difference. Reading up on them both they seem to me to do...
Hi, I am looking at getting a "Domestic hot water booster pump" as I have a low pressure system in the house and the hot water (only) just trickles out of the upstairs taps :sad:. I am looking at a "Grundfos Alpha2 15/50 Domestic Circulator Bare Pump" . Is this the correct type of booster pump...
Hello
I am a plumber and I have come across a problem that I need confirmation form someone out there that I am giving the right advice. Firstly I'm no newbie I've been doing plumbing for a very long time, but the good thing about the domestic plumbing is that you always come across something...
GeoPlumbing
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booster
grundfos
power
power shower
pump
shower
single
Here's the deal, mixer taps been fitted to bath and water flow/pressure is quite low.
Customer wants both boosted and a pump fitted to make the flow nice n powerful.
There a combi boiler downstairs & cylinder in airing cupboard with a tank in the loft space.
Have associated the feeds for the...
Wotevaz
Thread
airing
boiler
booster
combi
cylinder
mixer
pump
tap
taps
What do you think is the best? the magna booster dosen't seem to pick up much, the magna clean are quite good but leak on times, going to try the fernox tf1 next, for £85 sounds good...
As above, a customer has had a new bathroom fitted (not by me). The system is tank fed with I would imagine low head. She is now complaining of low pressure, is there some form of booster pump? Has anyone got a link to m/I,s?
Hi can anyone help, I have a unvented system we have very poor mains pressure. so a gundfus mq3.5 booster pump was fitted to the gravity feed form storage tanks to boost the hot and cold taps /shower , the pump has been acting up turning off and on and sometimes stopping completely half way...
Hi can anyone help, I have a unvented system we have very poor mains pressure, so a gundfus mq3.5 booster pump was fitted to the gravity feed from storage tanks to boost the feed to the bottom of the cylinder (taps /shower) , the pump has been acting up turning off and on and sometimes stopping...
bobster2543
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booster
cylinder
fitted
flow
gravity
help
pressure
pump
shower
switch
I just bought an upper 2-floor maisonette flat and upon taking my first shower realised there is no cold water pressure from the shower head, only hot. The bath nozzle has some (weak) cold water pressure. Please see the attached diagram.
I think the explanation is that the gravity cold water...
laike
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booster
gravity
pressure
pressure problem
problem
pump
shower
solution
tank
water
water pressure
Hello,
I need an advice for choosing the right hot water system in my flat.
My flat is in an old building, 3rd floor. I have 2 showers + 1 bath and I'm renovating the old plumbing.
The water from the main is provided at 11.5 l/min and 1.6 bar.
My plumber (a registered professional) advised a...
Hi, I was at a job today where the previous GSR engineer has just installed a megaflo and vaillant system boiler, converted from OV gravity hot water. Anyway, He didnt test the pressure and flow rate before starting work but to be fair, he wasn't told to as the builder said he was having a new...
Attended Grundfos HQ at Leighton Buzzard for Booster pump set training last week good course learned a thing or two Steve Harvey [very knowledgeable chap] conducted course very educational all for free 1 day course and compliments to catering corps sandwiches etc first class recommended.Anyone...
Need a little imaginative input here, please - custard has an unvented cylinder on ground floor, and a bathroom in the loft conversion. He had a new mains put in, and pressure both hot and cold are great throughout the house except for the loft bathroom. He would like a booster pump installed...
Masood
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booster
hot
hot water
hot water system
pump
system
unvented
water
hi all i need to fit a booster pump for a new shower, however there is no room in the airing cupboard to fit one.
customer said he wants one in the loft, i will fit a essex flange on the cylinder coming off with a loop to run into the loft to avoid airlocks .
how would i know what pump he needs...
wigz
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aqualisa
booster
cupboard
cylinder
pump
question
shower
under
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