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booster
A booster dose is an extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier (primer) dose. After initial immunization, a booster provides a re-exposure to the immunizing antigen. It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels after memory against that antigen has declined through time. For example, tetanus shot boosters are often recommended every 10 years, by which point memory cells specific against tetanus lose their function or undergo apoptosis.The need for a booster dose following a primary vaccination is evaluated in several ways. One way is to measure the level of antibodies specific against a disease a few years after the primary dose is given. Anamnestic response, the rapid production of antibodies after a stimulus of an antigen, is a typical way to measure the need for a booster dose of a certain vaccine. If the anamnestic response is high after receiving a primary vaccine many years ago, there is most likely little to no need for a booster dose. People can also measure the active B and T cell activity against that antigen after a certain amount of time that the primary vaccine was administered or determine the prevalence of the disease in vaccinated populations.If a patient receives a booster dose but already has a high level of antibody, then a reaction called an Arthus reaction could develop, a localized form of Type III hypersensitivity induced by high levels of IgG antibodies causing inflammation. The inflammation is often self-resolved over the course of a few days but could be avoided altogether by increasing the length of time between the primary vaccine and the booster dose.It is not yet fully clear why some vaccines such as hepatitis A and B are effective for life, and some such as tetanus need boosters. The prevailing theory is that if the immune system responds to a primary vaccine rapidly, the body does not have time to sufficiently develop immunological memory against the disease, and memory cells will not persist in high numbers for the lifetime of the human. After a primary response of the immune system against a vaccination, memory T helper cells and B cells persist at a fairly constant level in germinal centers, undergoing cell division at a slow to nonexistent rate. While these cells are long-lived, they do not typically undergo mitosis, and eventually, the rate of loss of these cells will be greater than the rate of gain. In these cases, a booster dose is required to "boost" the memory B and T cell count back up again.
Hi All,
I'm new to this forum, so hope there are some helpful people out there.
I'm looking for the best way to increase my water pressure. Here are the particulars:
I live in a bungalow in the middle of nowhere that has had a loft conversion.
There is very limited space in the loft conversion...
Hi All
Doing a high class B & B (refurb in a listed building) with a dozen bedrooms, disabled public & staff toilet approximately just under 250 loading units (high usage). 42mm copper H & C riser from basement plant room 3 floors and then ending up in attic doing a drop down system to ground...
Hi
A friend has asked be to fit a outside tap in order to fill up a tank for his window cleaning business.
He's indicated it needs to be at a rate of 45psi (3.1 bar) in order for the purification on the tank to run correctly.
Can anyone give me any advice on products/pumps that are suitable...
Hi all, back againg looking for a little more advice pleses, i have very unreliable water presure sometims its ok and other times it simply not enough to allow my electric shower to work, i was about to install a Pumped electric shower and its own 25 gallon cold water tank to sort out my problem...
andrew1
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booster
electric
electric shower
instantaneous
option
pump
pumped
shower
triton
My customer asked my to recommend him a good whole house booster pump. The new pump going to be fitted in the airing cupboard which is situated in one of the bedrooms in the house. So, i am looking for the most quite pump I can find.
I always fit the Salamander pumps which are good but I can't...
sasikahlon
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booster
house
pump
quite
recommend
salamander
which
Hello All,
I've trawled through a lot of the posts on here but I can't seem to find a solution for my situation. I'm GS Reg'd and my main experience is combi fitting in small to mid size houses, one bathroom or two baths, one with electric shower so no problem with DHW demands.
Now though...
Charnock
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booster
complete
install
mains
pressure
showers
supply
water
I am currently working on a residential caravan site. part of the site suffers very low water pressure to their vans and some of the owners have asked if there is anything they can do about it. I know you can get systems that use a storage tank/pump to increase this. what i want to know is has...
I have just installed an unvented hot water system in a 5 bedroom house with 5 showers. The cold main is only 1 bar from the mains. Does anybody know if a booster pump can be fitted with a pressure vessel without the need for a breaker tank? And if so, Can You recommend one?
Cheers
Andy
Hi,
I have a monsoon universal twin 4 bar pump giving me mains pressure to both hot and cold of my entire house. The outputs go through pressure regulator valves which regulate the pressure in the pipes to just below 3 bar.
I wanted to buy a Mira Platinum Digital shower. There are 2...
Hi,
I'm sketching out my plumbing layout, going with open vent,and have a query about booster pumps
I'm planning boosting hot and cold for bathrooms.
Do these pumps independently pump hot and cold. for example opening a cold tap only do both get pumped with no flow on the hot
Hi,
I have recently visited a customer who wants a combi boiler fittting but the problem is the area has low mains water pressure. At the minute they are only getting 8-9 Litres/min at their mains cold water taps. Can anyone recommend a solution to this ie booster pumps etc.
Thanks in advance
I'm just about to fit a RHP75 PUMP (salamander whole house pump). I'm using an S flange from the top of the cylinder for the pump hot water feed and vent.
My question is, which way is the correct way to add the pump to the existing hot water system? Please have a look at the diagram, it shows...
sasik
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booster
flange
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pump
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water
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Fellow plumbers,first time post,I'm plumbing a new toilet block,I need a pump that will run 14 6 ltr toilet cisterns from a storage tank,any ideas on what spec of a pump I will need to run them at maxium! Thanks
cylinder fitted correctly but not enough mains water pressure to have hot and cold bath taps open together. Unvented cylinder (180Ltr Capacity) will feed one bath, basin and shower with run no more than 3 metres. Storage tank in loft directly above cylinder. Manufacturer and pressure rating...
Can anyone recommend a pump to go between a break tank and unvented cylinder to boost the water pressure. Unvented cylinder fitted correctly but not enough mains water pressure to have hot and cold bath taps open together. Unvented cylinder (180Ltr Capacity) will feed one bath, basin and shower...
Hi All,
Just been to see a job, customer complaining of poor hot water pressure in shower bath mixer, gravity hot, mains cold. There's only about 1m of head and can't raise CWSC much.
Has anyone used the Grudfos Small Booster Circulator UPA15-90 it looks like it could be a good solution to...
customer wants a pump fitted on the hot water so all hw outlets are pumped.
The system has mains cold water throughout and gravity hot water with gravity secondary return.
I'm not too sure how the secondary return part of the system will react with a pump being fitted.
Has anyone done similar ?
Hi All,
I have been wandering for a while if I can install (actually, not me, but a plumber) a booster pump at the base of the water tank and then install a T pipe downstream so to feed the cold and hot (passing through a hot cylinder) water pipes. Can I install a booster single impeller pump...
Diego Canciani
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booster
double
impeller
pressure
pump
pumps
single
where
have a wee job coming up to do 3 flats at home. each flat to have a combi boiler fitted
went to the job to turn water off to the building and there is one stopcock 15mm and thats it.
so i cant run three combis off a 15mm mains pipe must be 20mm mdpe coming in.
so i would have to upgrade or...
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