normal

In geometry, a normal is an object such as a line, ray, or vector that is perpendicular to a given object. For example, the normal line to a plane curve at a given point is the (infinite) line perpendicular to the tangent line to the curve at the point.
A normal vector may have length one (a unit vector) or its length may represent the curvature of the object (a curvature vector); its algebraic sign may indicate sides (interior or exterior).
In three dimensions, a surface normal, or simply normal, to a surface at point



P


{\displaystyle P}
is a vector perpendicular to the tangent plane of the surface at P. The word "normal" is also used as an adjective: a line normal to a plane, the normal component of a force, the normal vector, etc. The concept of normality generalizes to orthogonality (right angles).
The concept has been generalized to differentiable manifolds of arbitrary dimension embedded in a Euclidean space. The normal vector space or normal space of a manifold at point



P


{\displaystyle P}
is the set of vectors which are orthogonal to the tangent space at



P
.


{\displaystyle P.}

Normal vectors are of special interest in the case of smooth curves and smooth surfaces.
The normal is often used in 3D computer graphics (notice the singular, as only one normal will be defined) to determine a surface's orientation toward a light source for flat shading, or the orientation of each of the surface's corners (vertices) to mimic a curved surface with Phong shading.
The normal distance of a point Q to a curve or to a surface is the Euclidean distance between Q and its perpendicular projection on the object (at the point P on the object where the normal contains Q). The normal distance is a type of perpendicular distance generalizing the distance from a point to a line and the distance from a point to a plane. It can be used for curve fitting and for defining offset surfaces.

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